Atlas of Ethnic Conflicts, Border Disputes & Ideological Clashes

By Andrew Andersen

Armenia

The Treaty of Kars, 13.10.1921: Geopolitical Iimplications on Armenia

	Soviet Armenia, as of December 04, 1920
	Armenian territory annexed by Turkey on December 02, 1920
	Georgian territory annexed by Turkey on March 20, 1921
	Territories claimed by Soviet Azerbaijan and Armenia, promiced to Armenia by the "Caubureau" of the Central Committee of the CPR(B) as the price for sovetization
	Turkish-Soviet border as per the treaty of Kars, 13.10.1921
	Alexandropol with adjacent territory returned by Turkey to Soviet Armenia at the treaty of Kars
	Naxcievan Territory (Sharur) Assigned to Soviet Azerbaijan as per the treaty of Kars
	Zanghezur, assigned to Soviet Armenia in January, 1922

The Turkish-Armenian war of September-December/1920, and the fall of the First Republic resulted in the treaty of Alexandropol signed by the representatives of Armenia and Turkey on December 2 1920, in accordance with which Armenia was to give up all the territories granted to her by the treaty of Sevres and to cede to Turkey about 60 per cent of her prewar territory.

However, as a result of the Soviet conquest, Armenia became a Moscow-controlled puppet “Soviet Republic“ on the same day of December 1920, when the treaty pf Alexandropol was signed by the representatives of he fallen government thus putting the legitimacy of that treaty in question. Further political and military development in the South Caucasus resulted in the fall of Georgia, the last pro-western country in the area and the conquest of her territory by the Soviets and the Turks (19.03.1921). The communist decision-making centre in Moscow was planning to unite all the Soviet republics into a new quasi-state that would include Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia  but before that the territorial disputes were supposed to be resolved.

The Soviet-Turkish borders established as a result of the wars of Sept./1920 – March/1921 were adjusted and confirmed by the treaty of Kars signed by the representatives of Turkey and the four Soviet republics of Russian federation, Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan on October 13, 1921. According to the provisions of the treaty of Kars, the treaties of Sevres and Alexandropol were denounced and both the Turkish and Armenian sides agreed to forgive each other all the “military crimes and mistakes” committed by their representatives during all the wars, conflicts and ethnic cleansings of 1915-1920. The treaty of Kars left Turkey with most of the territories conquered during the Turkish-Armenian war and the Soviet-Turkish war against Georgia. Turkey re-gained almost all the territories lost to the Russian Empire during Russo-Turkish war of 1978, except northern half of Achara, with the towns of Artvin, Ardahan, Olty, Sarykamysh, Kaghyznman and Kars. Turkey was also granted the large part of the former Yerevan province to the south of Araxi river with the town of Ighdyr and the mountain of Ararat (the national symbol of Armenia). The latter territory had never been a part of Turkey, except a short period between 1724 and 1735. In turn, Turkey returned the area of Alexandropol to Soviet Armenia and dropped all the claims to Sharur (Naxcivan area) under the condition that the area is not to be incorporated into Armenia but becomes a Muslim-dominated autonomy within Azerbaijani SSR.

The above territorial losses were and still are regarded by many Armenians as a national catastrophe, and the borders as defined by the treaty of Kars, are far from been fair from the point of view of Armenian nationalists many of whom still consider the treaty of Sevres as the basis for the resolution of Turkish-Armenian conflict.

The territorial dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan was also supposed to be resolved in order to keep both Soviet puppet-states under Moscow umbrella. Basing on the promises of Soviet emissaries at the brink of sovietization, as well as on several decrees issued by the Caucasian Bureau of the Communist Party (trans-national organ created by Moscow to solve basic regional problems), the communist leadership of Armenian SSR expected to be granted most of the disputed areas, including Karabakh, Zanghezur and Sharur. However by the fall of 1921 following the orders received from Moscow, the Caucasian Bureau finally granted to Azerbaijan both Karabakh and Naxcivan while Armenia received Zanghezur separating Naxcivan from the rest of Azerbaijan and providing Armenian SSR with an access to Iranian border.

In summer 1923, Karabakh was granted some limited territorial autonomy its historical territory being reduced to 6 districts out of 10.

1931: Territorial Adjustments

ARMENIA	"Soviet Socialis Republics" within the USSR, 1923-1991
	Territory cedded by Armenia to Azerbaijan in 1931
	Territory granted to Armenia by Georgia in 1931
	Autonomous Karabakh within "Soviet Azerbaijan"

Borders of Armenia proper (Arm.SSR) were also redrawn several times between 1922 and 1936. Some major “adjustments” were made in 1931. As a result, Armenia had to cede to Azerbaijan the northern half of Kazakh-Shamshadin district and a number of smaller parts of Zanghezur. However the same year, Armenia received small territorial compensation by being assigned Lori district of Georgia (former Lori canton of Borchalo district that had been a “neutral zone” between 01.1919 and 11.1920). All the above-mentioned territorial changes left all involved parties deeply unsatisfied and most likely built up the basis for future conflicts and disputes.